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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


Tl 
to 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


0    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
0 
D 

n 


D 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  Oiiher  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrde  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  dtd  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilmd  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 
0 
D 
Q 
D 
D 
□ 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualitd  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  ddition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  faqon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


P< 

o 

fi 


O 
bi 
th 
si 
ol 
fii 
si 
or 


Tl 
si 

Tl 
w 

IVI 
di 
er 
b< 

"1 
re 
m 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

SOX 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

D.B.  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Western  Ontario 


L'exemplaire  filmd  fut  reproduit  grSce  i  la 
g6ndrosit6  de: 

D.B.  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Western  Ontario 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmape. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  rilmds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  r>ont  filmds  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  -^^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tabio    .x,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  §tre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

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1003147550 


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DATE  DUE 


LJI-jiVlk'  IIV  ("F 
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THE  BIRD-STONE  CEREMONIAL 


...by... 


WARREN  KING  MOOREHEAD. 


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THE  BIRD-STONE  CEREMONIAL 


J     ^'      <> 


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...by. 


WARREN  KING  MOOREHEAD. 


9 


I    ' 


BEING  AN  ACCOUNT  OF  SOME 
SINGULAR  PREHISTORIC  ARTI 
FACTS  FOUND  IN  THE  UNITED 
STATES  AND  CANADA. 


FIFTY  THREE  ILLUSTRATIONS, 


SAkAXAC    LAKl' 

.\l,l.i;\    1.    VOSHlKi',!! 

ISit'.l 


'       ♦ 


-m^^^mw'i^'W 


Cdl'YKIC.MT    IS'.til 

WAKKEN  KINC.    MOOUlilllCAIt 


^:mmm?mi^mm^m:^^m! 


I'RlvI'ACl-:. 

Arcliacolojiists  should  devote  more  time  to  tlie  study  ;iud  deseriptiou 
of  the  singular  and  interestinij  eeremoiiial  or  ornamental  ohjeets  wliieh  till 
our  museums  and  private  eolleetious.  Perhaps  (uie  does  uot  exagj^erate  in 
sayinj^  that  the  larger  museums  are  jxerting  every  elTort  to  aeeumulate  vast 
stores  ofmateri.'d  and  that  the  efforts  of  the  seientist^^  in  eharge  are  direeted 
towards  exploration  and  ae(|uisition.  Two  of  the  leading  uiuseums  in  the 
eountry  are  aetpiiring  mateiial  faster  than  it  ean  he  eatalogued,  and  eertainly 
n')  puhlieations  have  been  issued  by  the  two  institutiotis  I  have  in  miud, 
whieh  more  than  hint  at  what  is  being  done.  Should  two  men,  eaeh  oi 
whom  IS  now  >vell  along  in  years,  die  tomorrow,  the  seientilie  value  ot  the 
major  portion  of  the  eoUeetions  would  be  greatly  impaired. 

It  is  not  possible  for  a  single  individual  to  do  more  than  urge  the 
serious  and  detailed  study  of  eertain  frjrms  and  types  of  preliistorie  artifaets. 
Therefore  1  shall  feel  repaid  if  this  Bulletin  eneouragesinvestigation,  although 
mv  conelusions  and  theories  be  u])set.  There  is  suffieieiit  matericd  at  hand, 
and  in  mosf-  eases,  authentie  data  as  to  loeality  and  eireumstanees  of  di-«- 
eovery.  While  there  has  been  little  sail  regarding  the  "eeremonial"  or 
"unknown"  objeets,  the  more  numerous  forms  oi  ehipped,  polished,  or 
•  n-ound  implements  and  tools  have  been  most  fuUv  deseribed  in  theexhaustive 
reports  of  Dr.  Wilson,  Professor  Holmes,  Trolessor  Lushing,  Mr.  Mermire, 
Mr.  Fowke  and  others. 

I  am  espeeially  indebted  to  Dr.  Thomas  Wilson,  Curator  of  I'rehistorie 
Anthropology  of  the  vSmithsonian  In:^ titution;  Rev.  Wm.  Heauehani]);  Mr.  A. 
F.  Berlin,  Professor  W.  O.  Ii;mery,  of  Wabash  College,  Professor  F.  II.  Cush- 
ing,  and  many  others. 

WAKRIv.N  K    M()()RI-:iii:ad. 

Saranae  Lake,  X.   V. 
November  10,  1  S<)<). 

Copies  of  the  Bulletin  may  be  had  from  the  author. 


^^^■■H.*^'v?^$?^" 


.i,^^ 


'W^^%^y 


I-IC..  1. 

XoKTiiKKN    Indiana. 

(iKllILKK  C()l.l.i:CTl()N.      S. 

M.'iU'rial,  li^^lit  him.'  slate. 


i-k;.  2. 

\Vi:sti:rn   \'i-;\v   York. 

S.\II  IIISONIAN    C()I,I.I-:CTI<)N.  vS.     v 

Material,  diorilc  with  feldspar  crv.stals. 


•?^-y':';fr^'5:^'}rM»F'•;*f???;!?^r^:3r,3^'^«-^ 


■m^^iW'''!mmm¥m^r-^m''W^M^mmmma 


The    !Blrd-5lonc    CcrcnionlaL 

It  is  with  some  apprcliciision  that  I  hi-.uin  the  dcseriptioii  of  a  chass  of  ob- 
jects rejianliii^^  whieh  most  arehaeohi.uists  are  silent.  lUit  some  one  must 
assume  the  initiative.  Reeently,  while  readin.ti-  the  exeellent  reports  pre- 
pared for  the  State  of  New  York  hy  my  friend  Rev.  William  Heauchamp,  I 
noted  with  i)leasure  that  he  devoted  some  jjaj^es  to  the  "  hird-stone"  eere- 
monial  I  investi.nateil  the  suhjeet  and  aside  from  a  somewhat  lengthy 
account  hy  I'rofc.'.sor  David  lioyle  of  the  Canadian  Museum  and  shorter  ref- 
erences on  the  i-arl  of  Messrs.  Wilson,  Douglas,  I'owke,  .\l)l)otl,  (lilman, 
CushinJ,^  Jones  and  a  few  others;  found  that  the  suhjeet  has  been  i^iiuorcd. 

The  undetined  class  of  ])rehistoric  ornaments  or  charms  which  we  have 
been  callin^i  "ceremonials."  re])resents  stone  at'e  art  of  no  mean  de^n-cc. 
Not  only  are  these  slate  and  j^ranite  objects  of  siich  iinish  and  i)olisn  as  to 
stamp  them  as  something  beyond  the  ordinary,  bui  their  .nr.iceful  forms  com- 
mend them  alike  to  the  museum  and  the  collector. 


r  M  I 


Wi;s'ri:NN  N'i;w  \()RK. 
Xi;w    York   Siati-:  .\lrsi;rM   Coi.i.i-:ctu).\. 


r^m!^^m^^^mf^'WWM^"&WM''y  ■'■■"'^^10^^ 


Ivven  pcrs(Mis  luiviiij^  no  ardiacologic  inclinations  are  able  to  a])])rcciate 
tlic'ir  beauty  and  worUnianshii).  Acbniration  of  tine  ])aintin<is  is  not  eon- 
tined  to  art  critics,  for  any  ])crson  witli  an  eye  to  the  beautiful  or  to  color  ef- 
ilct  can  enjoy  and  understand  tlieni.  So  it  is  with  bird-stones,  and  the  i)er- 
son  of  education  or  culture  who  may  see  nothiii,ii-  attractive  in  the  ruder  Hint 
or  stone  tools — and  to  whom  they  mean  simplv  "relics"  of  sava.i^ery  —  need 
but  examine  a  tew  of  the  tiuures  herein  set  t'orlh  to  hnd  somethin,<i  well  worth 
his  consideration.  To  such  I  recommend  the  study  of  ])rehistoric  American 
art. 


i-k;.  4-. 

Cl'MKAl.     OnTAKK). 

Canadian   Misi:r.\i  Coi,i,i:ction.     S.   1. 


The  study  of  these  objects  must  be  coiilied  to  tho  specimens  themselves. 
There  is  scant  information  as  t(»  their  having  been  worn  by  the  tribes  and  I 
am  unal)le  to  find  a  record  ot  their  discovery  at  the  heads  of  skeletons  or  in 
any  of  the  tunndi  or  graves.  There  is  this  exception,  that  a  somewdiat  difter- 
ent  torm  w.'.s  tound  in  the  altar  of  the  I-^tlii^y  Monuvl.  Hopewell  (iroup,  b; 
tile  World's  C()liind)ian  Ivxposilion  Survey.  I'ut  tliis  .sheds  no  li^^lit  upon 
the  bird  or  "sadidc"  form  iji^opcr.  .Many  hundreds  ot  the  choicest  posses- 
sions ot  the  llopewell  people  were  cast  into  the  altars  upon  the  sacrilieial 
tire.  Ivven  iiad  we  tound  the  true  l)irdstoiic  cercuionial  alon.n-  with  ilie  copper, 
oltsidans  and  elli.uies.  il  C'.uld  have  but  one  iiiteriiretation:  that  this  form 
was  made  and  used  by  the  Iloittwell  people."' 

*  II  is  I.ul;  -U   I)v  riM-<iiiii;u  ,iii  1  <(.in|iaris(iii  lli;U  we  Icini  rc;.i;n(liiii.:  tlu-  use  (il  llioc  iirti Lifts.  ;iiul    rt-Mil- 
iTs  111  list  lic.-ir  wil  li  nil-  IT  i  hi'  ni.i  1 1(  r  litvuiiu's  .-i  lit  tic-  Itilimis. 


\     •«^.£-^^3#?#^^p»'^lf?«^?pi^ 


PBff 


'.it  '^;^fe>-'S 


Wc  will  tirst  consider  the  tour  or  live  variations:  I'iLiurc  1  stands  I'or  a 
tvpc  which  I  select  as  representative  or  distinctive.  It  is  my  "t'oundation",  ii 
1  tnav  use  such  a  term,  and  while  I-'^iiiure  2  is  an  elaboration  and  represents  a 
hijiher  ;ir<,  yet  I'i.yiire  1  is  ihe  more  common.  Common  is  used  as  a  com- 
parative lerni.  Xone  of  the  bird-stones  are  common  in  the  sense  that  stone 
axes  are  connnoii.  They  bear  the  same  relation  to  the  art  of  ])rehistoric 
tin  's  that  real  jjfcms  do  to  the  common  or  chea])  jew^ 
.')  represents  a  very  small  form  and  I'iuure  4-,  beiny   short   and 


•clrv  ot    to-da  v. 


I- 


1  nil  re 


tl 


nci 


would 


I'ko1'1;ssok  li^Minn's  Co;.i,i:c  iion. 


re  observe  that    but    few 


lere 


doubtless  survive  lon.uer  than  the  others.     Let  us  lu 

of  ihisc  stones  are  found  dama.ucd  or  broken.     They  may  be  roiii^h,    or    line, 

vet  St)  per  cent,  of  them  are  perfect,  or  nearlv  perfect;  whereas  the  banner,  or 

bulterllv,  and  the  tablet  of  unusual  size,  or  the  i).-ifor.'ited  ceremonial  of  i)ick 

or  crescent  shape,  is  frccpiently  broken  or  dama.Licd 

such  specimens  are  entire.     Im,l:s.  1    and   L',    which    ;i 

other  ceremonials,  seems  to  me  to   mean    more    tli.'i 

stood  free/.in,u-,  the  plow,  i)assin,u   of  h.avy    arim; 


Less    than  one-hrdt    ot 

;ire    nearlr    as  delicate   as 

••m    thai    tlie\-  have    witli- 

ils    and    other  distiuctive 


I 


"'^^j^'mmmvmm^m  ■■■■ 


i- 

a.yc'iK'iL's  wliicli  lirivc  .-on spired  to  dcsLroy  the  pick,  hanncr,  crcseciit  and  tab- 
let lil<e  lonus.  Possibly  in  wars,  or  raids,  the  vietors  purposely  broke  cer- 
tain objects  and  spnrcd  others.  Why?  I  know  not.  He  this  as  it  may  the 
tact  remains  that  bird-stones  are  usually  ]M-eserved,  and  is  testified  to  by 
manr  collections  whether  laryc  or  small. 

iM.yure  1  is  from  1  )e  K.dl)  County,  Indiana,  and  is  in  Mr.  (iruhlke's  col- 
lection. I'^iyurc  L*  is  froin  the  Smithsonian  collectiou  and  was  found  in  Xew 
York      I)r.  Thomas  Wilson  savs  of  it:" 


I'K;.  (k 


Sol  riii:k\    Ohio.     S, 


••  1-i.uure  2  is  iroiii  Western  .\ew  York.  Ii  is  m:ule  in  the  form  of  a  bird, 
which  from  the  number  of  similar  specimens  have  -iven  the  name  to  this 
class.  The  eyes  arc  reprcsciilcd  by  -rcat  protuberances  which  must  have 
-really  increased  the  dilliculty  of  manulacture.  It  is  made  Irom  a  boulder  or 
lar-e  piece,  and  while  the  material  is  hard,  it  is  not  tou-li  but  rather  fra,<,Hle. 
Il  could  not  be  chipped  like  Hint  nor  whittled  like  soajjstone,  but  must  have 
been  hammered  or  p-ckcd  into  ^hape  and  afterwards  -round  to  its  present 
iorm,  then  poli.lKd  untd  it  isassm.)otli  as  -lass,  .\  consideration  of  the 
conditions  demonstrates  the  dillicnlly  ol  makin-  this  object  and  the  dexter- 
ity  and    the  experienced    workin-    rcpdred.      The    I'nitcd    Slates   National 

Siui!  li-dui.ui  K'f|ii.i  i  1(11    1  s;m1       I'     |.."il. 


4 


f^'MM 


mmm^m^^M 


M 


usc'tini  posses 


;cs  luany  of  llicsc  s])C'ciiiU'ns.      While    lIicv  he.-ir   ,'i    urcaU'v    rc- 
scnihlauec  to  hinls  than  auyLliin.u' else,  yel  seareely  any  two  of  ihein  are  alike 
1   thev  ehaiiye  in  form  tliron.uli  the  whole  urinuit  nntil  it  is    ditlienit    to   (|e- 


an( 


tennine  whetiier  it  is  a  bird,  a  lizard  or  <a  turtle,  and  finally  the  si'nes   ends  in 
a  strai.nht  bar  withont  pretense  of  presentin,^  an;     ininial." 

iM^^iire  2  is  more  like  a  bird  than  i-i,iiiire  1  but  is  not  treipiently  found. 
Moreover,  there  is  a  dil'ferenee  in  the  distribution  of  I'iuures  1  and  2.  I'ii^iire 
1  is  found  in  the  Iv.astern  and  Central  States  north  of  the  Ohio  River.  It  is 
verv  rare  in  the  Totomae,  Conneetieut  and  Iludj-oii  X'alleys  and  the  eastern 
(northern)  .Mleuhany  region.     But  it  is  o 


ten  foimd  in  Western  New  \'ork,  the 


Ohio  Vallev.    the  C.reai  L:d<es  re.Liion  and  Central  Canada. 


i'lO.   7. 
SoiriiicN.N:    Miciii(..\\.     S.    !. 

hupiiries  sent  to  areliaeolo,uisl>  in  lown,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Keutuekv, 
ete.,  fail  to  establish  its  habitat  as  south  or  west  ol' 1  udian.-i.  Mr.  J.  V.  Sny- 
der, the  well  known  authority,  reported  thai  he  e.)nsiders  it  as  eoniiued  to 
the  Northern  and  Ivaslern  I'niled  States.  I  tail  to  lind  an>  thin.u-  like  it  in 
form  in  the  arehaeolo.iiie  rep<uts  on  I-airoi)e,  Central  and  South  Ameriea  or 
the  I'aeifie  Coast. 


4 


Imuihv  1!  is  less  iVciiiR'nt ly  louud  iliau  I'i.i^urc  1.      In  Western    New    York 


Ceiilral  Ciiiinda,  Xonhcni  ()lii.);iii(l  Indi 


i.'iii.'i,  Alieliii^aii  ;iii(l  W  i^eousui,  it  o^ 


W 


eurs  oeeasioiially.      In  the  Xew  lui.ulaiid  States  and   the    I'oloniae    and    Dela- 
ware regions  hnl  one  or  two  have  been  lonnd.     I, est  t! 


le  word  eoninion  he  mis 


nnderstood.  after  talmhi tin,u  all  I  he  speeiinens  of  hird  or  saddle-stone  class 
which  I  ean  lind  mentioned  as  in  eolleetions,  there  is  a  total  ol  'JiM-  of  I-'iLTurc 
1,  !'()  I'i,L;nre  L',  ()2  iM^ure  ,'!,  and  .'iT  I'iunre  J-  and  "  seatterin.u."  As  I  nave 
not  seen  t  he  Smiths;  Miian.  Peahody,  l-ields,  Ameriean  or  the  Ohio  Sta<e  collec- 
tions for  sonij  time,  the  totals  here  yiwn  aredonlitless  helow  the  actual  num- 
hers  on  hand.     Mr    A.  Iv.  hon.ulas,  of  tlie  Ameriean  Mn^eniii  of  Xatural    llis- 


i()r\-.  lias  a 


hoiit  liii;    Mr.  Xorinan  Span-.  10    to   12;    Mr.    A.  C.    (iruhrKc      1 


Ci;n'i  km.  ( ).N'r.\Ki(). 
C.\.\.\i)i.\.\  Misi:r.M  Coi.Liccno.N.     S. 


I 


role'-soi'  raner\- 


1  1 


in  Ins  t'olk'elion: 


.Mr.  R.  S    I' 


las  1  'J  or    1  .'1,    and    douht- 


'ess  there  are -ever, d  pri  va  te  e.xliihi  t  s  which  wonld  s  .veil  the  totals    to  KM)  or 


more. 


he  St  nd  \-  ol  di--;  ril)n  I 


ion  show 


hat    I'i.L;     _   is   less   common    than    the 


others.      It  is  c  mliiied  to  a  smaller  area.     The  (list ril)nti<ni  al 


so  l)nn<>s    alxuit 


i 


'mmi»f^' 


n'lollicT  impnrlanL  I'.-iel;  lliriL  these  ohjeeLs  can  not  be  seL  down  as  l)el()r:,i,nii,u- 
to  the  mi)un(l-i)nil(lin,i;-  p.'ople  eyelns!vel\-.  If  so,  we  wouhl  liiid  them  in  the 
South.  West  and  Southeast  and  ah)n,Li-  the  I'pper  Missouri  River.  The.yreat 
mound  areas  -save  Soutlien!  Oliio— do  not  eontain  them.  Illinois,  Temiessee 
and  Missouri  with  their  thousands  of  tmnuli  and  graves,  have  not  inrnished 
bird-stones.  In  Canada,  w  here  they  oeeur  in  eonsiderable  numbers,  aeeord- 
inii'  to  Professor  David  l')oyle.  Curator  of  the  Museum  of  Arehaeolo.uy  of  the 
Dominion  of  Canada,  there  are  mounds,  but  neither  as  larucnor  as  numerous 
as  in  the  Ohio  \'allev.       Southern  ( )hi()  _\ields  a  number  of  these   bird-stones. 


I'IC..    10.     S. 


I'K;.    11.     S. ',. 


I'lC-.   IL'.     S.  ;. 
Ai. I.  I'KoM  Ci'MKAi.  Ontario,   Ca.nada.     Dominion    Misium 

but  not  so  many  ;is  Xorlhern  Ohio  where  mounds  are  few  and  small.  West- 
ern .\ew  York  Stale  possesses  mai.y  villa-es  and  few  mounds,  vet  thi^  type  is 
more  eommon  there  than  elsewhere  in  a  -iven  sp;iee  C.ravel  knolls  i)r  kame 
l)urials  eontain  a  elass  of  objeets  somewhat  different  Irom  those  found  in  the 
mounds,  vet  no  bird  stones  are  reported  from  them.  .Ml  these  faets  must  be 
taken  into  eonsidera  tion  as  we  study  the  eeremomal. 

hiLiure  (')  is  Irom  Southern  Ohio  and  of  the  banded  slate  so  freiiuentlv  em- 
ployed in  ihe  mauufaeture  of  these  speeimrns.  It  is  rather  unusual  in  form 
haviuu  the  square  (or  sli^lidy  rouiiiled  I  bill  i  or  mouth)  and  dises  suld^  to 
represent  the  eyes.  The  objeet  was  in  my  eoUeetion  in  'M>,  but  just  what  dis- 
position I  made  i>i"i'  I  do  not  now  i-eeall. 


I-'ifiurc  7  is  rciu;irk.'il)lt  in  that  it  is  so  lar^e.  It  is  iVoiii  Miclii^c'Ui  and  is 
shown  full  size.  This  spt'cnncn  may  rot  be  a  "Ijird"  hnt  as  to  tliat  let  other 
and  more  eoni])elenl  o'jsei'vers  deeide.  As  will  he  seen  hy  the  j-hadin^,  it  is  ot 
l),'inded  slate  and  well  worked.  ( )i)vionsly  it  is  too  lar^e  and  heavy  for  a 
head  ornament.  The  perloration  is  lorward  and  at  the  ,s-;V/t'.  This  is  ver_\ 
nnnsual,  and  marks  a  (le])ai  tnre  from  tiie  prevailin.n'  eustoni  ot  plaein^ij^  the 
holes  at  the  ends  and  in  the  base. 


iMLinres  S  to  1  L*  inehisive  are  I'rom  the   Dominion    Museum   collecti( 


)n. 


I 


have  eopied  the  illnstrritions  from  I'roi'essor  Boyle's  reports  and  shall  (piote 
his  remarks  presently.  I-'i^nre  1>  is  seldom  found  south  of  Canada  or  outside 
of  New  York  Stale.  1  do  not  know  of  more  than  out  or  two  from  Ohio  or 
Indiana.  I-'iyure  S  is  of  the  short  and  heavy  type  and  is  a  "  e'MHieetini;-  link  " 
between  my  types  as  illustrated    in  I-'is^ures    1    and    2.      I'i^ure   12  may  have 


I'K;    i:5. 

.XoK- rill'.KN  (  )lllO, 

I\.   S.    1'.   Coi.i.i:cTio,\.    s.   ;. 

been  restored  from  a  broken  state  to  uselnhuss.  It  has  the  body  ol'the  ty])e 
shown  in  I'i-ure  M.  Po-sibly  the  head  was  destroyed.  \-:i\[  maybe  in  its 
original  state  of  fniish,  and  if  so,  is  a  liiik  between  the  strai,<.;ht  bar-amulet 
and  the  bird-slonc-. 

Students  sliouhlfirsi  observe  the  eare  and  skill  with  whieh  these  objeets 
are  made.  Tiui-e  are  uufnushed  speeimens  of  most  of  the  several  elasses  of 
eeremonials.  I)ut  of  the  bird-stone  I  never  saw  but  ii ve  or  six  w  hieh  uave  a  elue 


^m^^ 


"^ 


h'l^iiu  and   is 
lat   let  other 
ulinn^,  it  is  of 
heavy   for   a 
"his   is    verx 
pladnnr  tile 

llcction.  I 
shall  (|iiotc 
I  or  outside 
'111  Ohio  or 
'ctiiio-  link-  " 
-  may  have 


to  the  HK'Lliod  of  niamifaeture.      Two  of  these,  iMjiures  KJ  and    1-1-,    are   here- 
with ^^iven,  hotli  l)eiii,L;'  in  Mr.  R.  S.  P.'s  eolleelioii. 

The  ranj^je  of  material  is  not  broad.  It  is  almost  eiitirely  eonfmed  to 
hr.nded  slate  or  harder  shales.  Professor  Ivmery's  1 1  specimens  eover  a  wide 
territory,  yet  they  are  rdl  of  Iluronian  slate  or  shale.  Objects  like  I-'igu'-e  2 
are  usually  of  porphyry  or  tiranite,''  and  occasionallN  porphyritie  feldsi)ar;  in 
short,  they  are  of  stones  of  moUled  or  showy  colors,  jjreferably  red,  K'"'iyi 
white  or  brown.  The  illustrations  in  this  Hulletin  of  ty])es  like  Fiij^ure  2 
slu)w  the  blotches  or  shades  of  the  stone.  Fi,!.:;ure  1  is  sometimes  found  of 
1/Iain  black  slate  or  dark  blue  with  very   minute   bands,    or   bands   so   small 


•I' the  type 

l)e   in    its 

fir-amulet 

<t'  ol)jects 
•lasses  of 
ive  a  clue 


I'K^,.    Ik 

SolTIIIvRN    Omo. 

R.    S.     P.    Coi.I.I'X'TIO.N.      S.    j. 

that  the  specimen  appears  very  compact  and  without  variation  in  color,  but 
as  I  have  said,  bits  of  skate  and  shale  were  selected  which  showed  variegated 
eolf>rs,  and  as  the  specimen  approached  conii)letion  these  shades  or  bands 
weie  l)rou,L!ht  out  consi)icuouslv  by  careful  and  persistent  polish. 

The  makin<;  of  any  one  of  these  ceremonial  ornaments  was  no  boy's 
plav  and  recpiired  a  i::reat  deal  of  time.  I  take  exceptions  to  the  remarks  of 
some  observers,  that  most  stone  ol)jects  could  be  brought  to  jjcrfeetion  in  a 
few  hours. 

Having  selected  a  suitable  stone,  it  was  held  in  the  left  hand  and  peeked 
ar.d  iiammered  with  a  small  hammer  stone  such  as  are  common  all   over   the 

*  'riiov  have  ln'c'ii  1(11111,1  made  i>\  iVlilspatic  lir.aiiitc  or  ilioriU'. 


1(1 


I'liiU'il  Stale's  ami  usually  ol'a  liai-tk-r  uiau-i-ial  Lliau  iIr'  ohji'ct  Lo  he  worked.* 
Ilaviu.ij:  hccu  <i;ivcu  a  rou.uii  outlini.' ot  llic  (k'siivd  shape  (  st;'  I''i_yurc'  l.'>)  it 
iV.'is  rurllicr  liauinii-ivd  or  jx-'ekt'd  with  a  smaller  hand  hammer  stone  and 
somewhat  more  reduced.  I  Ik  re  was  now  danger  ol  hreakim^-  l)y  hammer- 
ing and  tlie  speeimeii  was  L^round,  or  ru')l)ed  and  scraped  with  hits  of  sand- 
stone, Hint,  or  very  rou,L;h  pehhles  until  it  assumed  more  nearly  the  desired 
iorm  (  see  iM^yure  14  ).  We  have  no  positive  iniormatioii  as  to  how  it  was 
completed,  I)ut  .guided  hy  our  knowledge  oi  the  manulaeture  oi  other  imple- 
ments it  is  sate  lo  assume  that  this  was, the   process.      The   ndjhinj^,   euttinf>\ 


I-K;.     IT) 
l)i;xri:K,    X.    V. 
\'i:w  \di-;K  Stati-;  Misi-im  Coi.i,i;ciioN.     S. 


and  scraping  must  needs  he  very  eareiully  a])plied  loward  the  comi)letion  of 
the  ohject.  Doubtless  the  tinal  ruhhiny  and  polishin.ii'  and  fmishin.u-  toueiies 
were  .uiven  with  wood  and  lastly  willi  huckskin.  This  latter  would  ,uive 
.Liloss  and  finish  to  the  speeimeii.  I'erforalioiis  at  each  end  of  the  ohject  mav 
have  been  drilled  jusl  helore  it  was  eomjileted  or  reser\ed  until  the  last. 
Thai  we  do  not  know.     Siiiieiiines  these  perforalioiiS  broke  durin.Li'  the    pro- 

In  tin-  AiiUTuaii  Aiuhn]|Mil.>L;i,i.  S:iiii  liMiiii.iii  .iiil  Hiiii'.iii  ol  lii  liiiDlu.yv  i-i|i(irts.  ;iii(l  .Vrrlicoloyisl,  an- 
iiinncidiis  p.iiiiTs  hy  I'ldUssur  lliiliiu-,-.,  .\Ir.  MiCiiiiv,  1 'nik^-,,,- Ciisliiim.  'ir.  Wilson,  aiid  others,  on  slonc 
vVorkiuL:       'I'llc  list  ol'  titles  is  i.oo  loni;  to  lie  i;iviii  lii-ri'. 


^%,Jg*^''  ,v.i** 


m^> 


m 


)e  worked.* 
lire  1:5  )  it 
stone  and 
V  Iianmicr- 
s  of  sand- 
Iic  desired 
>\v  it  was 
lier  iniple- 
.y,   eiittin^. 


11 

eess  ol'niakin.u-,  or  ihev  may  have  l)r()ken  while  in  use  suhse(|uenlly.     Oiiite  a 
number  ol'hird-stones  sliow  a  si-eond  perforalion  iVoni  the  eon'er  or  end. 

Materials  of  whieh  they  are  made  need  not  have  been  earried  auv  .yreat 
distanee  and  we  usually  lind  them  made  of  stone  oeeurrin.n'  in  the  locality. 
However,  finished  objeets  may  have  been  transported  to  the  tribes  who  did 
not  live  in  the  reiiion  where  shale  or  slate  eould  be  obtrnned.     This  was   only 


IK;.    IC). 

1)ki:si)i:n.   .\.  \'. 

Xi:w  Y(»RK  StaiI':  .\Irsi-:r.M  Coi-mxtion.    S.   |. 


Iction  of 
touelies 
uld  o-ivc 
ieet  may 
the  last, 
the   pro- 

oloj^ist,  art- 
i,    on    ^^()Iu• 


m  rare  instanees.  as  I  am  informed  that  shales  ;ind  slates  are  very  wideh' 
distributed. 

.\ow  as  to  the  lliiek  or  short  speeimeiis,  sueh  as  I'i.yures  o.  4,  S  and  sev- 
eral in  Professor  Mmery's  exhibit,  some  of  these  are  unfmished  speeimens  and 
ready  to  be  worked  and  perforated.  Others  are  doubtless  eompleted.  Some 
were  lefL  in  this  form  for  eonvenienee  in  trade  (tliere  bein.LT  less  dan.uer  ol 
breakat^e)  or,  ])()ssil)ly,  made  l)y  less  skilled  artisans  in  imitation  of  the  more 
beautiful  si)eeimens  and  were  worn  by  beinn'  tied  by  thouLiS  over  ihe  baek  oi 
the  objeets  rather  than  through  the  perforations;  lor  in  many  short  and 
thiek  bird-stones  there  are  no  perlorations. 

Sometimes  these  si)ecimens  show  restoration  to  usefulness  by  being  re- 
drilled. 

In  manv  the  baek  is  vers  sharj)  ')r  angidar,  others  are  rounded,  The  ob- 
jeet  is  ilat  under  the  head  and  neek  and  down  the  breast  in  types  like  Figure 


1 .       llowc-vcT,  in    I'itiurcs 

IK'Mlll.  ■ 


IL' 


H   ,'iu(l  I  1    llic    neck    is   cnrvcd    .'ind  nol  ll.'il  iindcT- 


Tlir  shorli'sl  (well  Inrnud  I  hiid-sloiR'  1  liavc  oliservi'd  i^  two  in  -lies  lonjj; 
The  rivcr.i.iiv  is  llnvc  ;in  1  oiie-li.'ili  to  four  int'lies      ( )Mesc.\cTC(lin.ii-  seven  inelies 

rare.       The    lieiuht    is    Irnni    two- 


;ive  rare  <'m>l  r.nie  nielus  or  more  are    \.r\ 


thirds  to  one  and  a  half  inelies,  with  an  avera.ue  ol  one  ineii.     W  lule  a  ;,a'iK'ral 
larit\  of  I'onn  is  seen,  the  projioi  timis  vary,     in    one  the    head  is    longer, 
the  l)odv  than  in  another.     Short,    thiek    heads    and    heavy    short    bodies 
Hn-allv  .l;o  to.uether.      While  the  pi-oportions  nia\-  not  he  trne  yet  the    spee- 


snni 


or 


n.'i 


iniens  L:enerall\-  appear  ^raeeini  and  and  pleasin.y  lo  the  eye 


Ii:iii;iv'so.\  Coi.Ni'w  Xi;w  \'ouk. 
.\i:w  \'i)\<\\  Siw'ii';  Mrsi:rM.  S.  |. 
Whik'  a  series  niav  he  arran.L'.ed  in  anv  larLie  innsenin  neninnin,^  with  the 
most  prononneed  hird-stones  and  endinu  in  a  straight  bar,  yet  the  line  ol 
dtni'irka.lioii  is  not  dillieult of  eslahlishnienl.  1  wonld  not  inelnde  in  the 
l)ii(l-stone  elass  specimens  in  w  hieh  the  "iiead"  is  nol  clearly  delined.  It"  the 
ends  he  alike  ( sli,L:ht  riil^jes  I  and  the  body  ony'  and  slender,  ihe  specimen 
shoidd  be  classed  as  a  "bar  ani'det"''.  An  occasional  speeimcp.  is  fonnd  as 
neai'  tin  "har  ;imnletV  type  as  I'l^nix'  IL',  yet  it  ai)pcars  to  me  that  I'i.Linro 
1  L*  is  a  bird-slone.  1  he  slia!i;ht  bar  and  the  bar  with  enlarged  ends  are  not 
lo  be  considered  bird->-toues,  allhonLih  they  are  in  the  ceremonial  elass.  It 
will  be  obser\ed  that  JM^iire  .'>,"  in    Mr.    (iriddke's    roHecli  )n    is    ])ecnliar.     It 

■    I- I.U  uniiiL;  111  till'  ikhI;  (ii   iiii/i-i  (in  lidin  i   pn  v.iiU. 

:      Thi^  H  1111  i>  iiH;iiiiiiL:k-ss  .iinl  iiii|plKisiz(>  llic  luid  nl  ini  .-iri'li.-unldiLiic  ri(iMKiul;i  I  tin-. 


7.dWm%'''i.-it'' 


"ot  il.'il  uikIct- 

<>  ill  •lies  lonjir 
'fi  seven  inches 
is  Ironi  two- 
iiilc  a  general 
•'"I  is  l()n;j;-er, 
siiort  hodics 
yci  the-   spcr- 


1:5 

may  nol  he  a  fmished  specimen,  hciny  nnpcrtorated,  yel  I  am  of  tlial  opinion 
becansc  ot  the  lii,uli  i)oIish  and  thcsli^ht  evidences  oT  nse  t'onnd  on  the  Ixitlom. 

In  l)ird-sl()nes  tlie  perfofations  vary  in  size,  nsnally  hein;^  I'rom  one-lhird 
to  one-fourth  ofan  inch  in  diameter,  wider  at  the  opening  (or  exterior)  and 
narrow  (or  smaller)  at  tlieir  ])oint  of  nnion.  They  seem  to  have  been  made 
with  Hint  pointed  ilrills.  1  he  reed  or  wooden  perforators  made  a  more  even 
hole. 

I-i;,;nres  10  aiid  2(»,  and  I'"'i;j:ure  .'  in  Professor  I'mery's  ollcetion.  are  the 
usual  "short  hut  hi^j^h"  tyjje  of  hird-stoiics  and  are  hoth  heautiful  specimens. 
The  heads  are   abruptly  curved   downward   as  in   most  of  the  shorter  speei- 


14    with  the 
Uic    line    of 
i(I<-'   in    the 
'I.      If  the 
specimen 
lound    as 
<ir    riyure 
fs  arc   not 
fl.iss.     It 
■idiar.     It 


V\V,.    IS 

Clinton  Cointv,  .\i:\v  \'oi<i<. 

\i;\v  \'oKK  SiATiv  Mrsi;rM.      S.  ]. 

mens,  I'sually  the  Ioul;',  Ioa',  slender  ones  have  heads  straiiiht  and  pointed, 
or  at  least  hut  slitihtly  curved.  Their  tails  are  very  broad,  and  .lljen- 
erally  an  inch  to  an  inch  r.nd  a  half  hi.iih,  with  a  strai.yht  perpendicular  at 
the  ix'ar. 

The  r'^iyiircs  1()  and  ID  really  rc])resent  birds  more  than  the  saddle  shai)ed 
ones  presented  in  many  lij^urcs,  and  it  must  be  remend)ere(l  that  there  is  a 
marked  difiference  between  the  bird  and  saddle  forms. 

Two  remarkable  bird-stones,  somewhat  like  Fijiure2.  arein  the  Smithson- 
ian collection.  One,  Xo.  oS,;",")!',  has  a  head  like  Fiyur-j  2  or  b'i^ure  2'?,  only 
that  the  lycs  ( or  ears)  are  smaller.  The  tail  is  not  elevated  and  there  are 
two  sets  of  perforations.     The  1)ack    is   hi,iih    and   sharj).       It    was   found    in 


Hi-()itnu' Ci)  ,  N.  \'.     Il  i>  al)!)!!!  L'-;i  iiu'lics  Idii;^  ;iii(l  1  '  ii  i  ii^lu's    lii.uli.       MauT 

iai,  (lioriu-. 

No.  i;'.".),.":'!.' of  llio  Smidis  )nian  i-olK'ftion  i-<  sli  ).v;ii:i  iiiv  iMLrnro  .".".)  fn!l 
>\/\'.  l-oniid  ill  Mii'liiLian,  'ty  Mr.  C.  A .  TIk  iiipson.  Matirial,  didiili'  with 
larm'  Ic'ldspar  ('lystals. 

'Phis  is  a  t vpc- (.'oiiiiiii;  in  hi't  wi'i-ii  I'iLtniTs  1  and  'J  It  lia:>  llu'  hird  ht'ad 
and  sniah  l'M's,  l»nt  its  body  is  h)\\  and  the  tail  is  not  (.'kvalcd.     It    is  hroad, 


'.».  S. 


SI  hi:  vii:\v  imc.  nt. 


I'lC.     L'O 

A  1,1,  i-u'o.M  \Vi:s  ii;!<.\  ,\i:\v    N'oi-ik, 
.\i:\v    \(»UK    Sr.\ii-;   Misi-im  Coi..     S   ] 

d()nl)l\  perl  orated  and  somewhat  turtle  like  in  lonn.  I  elass  it  as  a  eonnect- 
\u{X  link  between  the  types  for  whieh  I'i^nres  1  and  L'  stand;  however,  read- 
ers may  eonelude  that  other  liuures  stand  lor  the  "eont'eetinn-  link."  I  will 
thank  arehaeoio^isls  lor  their  views  as  to  where  the  saddle  lorni  ends 
and  the  real  i)ird  ellij^y  he.yins. 


f'*^*jfi!3i^:si!X--'. 


..Tf  *^WiW!*f  "vrnt 


1 1  id  lit  I'   will, 
'I    is  Im-o.-kI. 


1" 

All  'K-t;isi()ii;il  l)ii(|  >  tniii'  li;is  I  ml  oiK'  M.L  ol  pirlci-ritions  .'iiul  ilu'\-  .-irc  in 
tlif  iorw  aid  fi'.d.  'I  l-csc.  .-is  w  1 11  as  ^ll()l  lir  and  lu^aviir  oiu's,  (.•diild  not  lie 
si'iMirch-  tasU'iK'd  w  iilioni  sonn'  liMidiU-.  Wvw  i  liry  inU'iidc  1  |,,r  wrai  inu  on 
l''<^'  l'^''!'!''  H'iIk-iv  is  HK-ril  ill  till'  tlu'or\  that  hird-st  oiu's  wnv  Kept  \>v  the 
slianiaii  in  In-  "sacivd  iod.ui-",  oul'Iu  not  it  to  !»,■  (.'oiiliiu'd  to  tlu-  sliorl  ones 
snt-li  as  I'iL;iii-ts  'JL'  and  L'7? 

TJR'  Wisi-oiisin  spcciiiKiis  arc  ratli  r  pccnii.ar.  Mi-.  II,  I'.  Ilaniilton  sriids 
inc  drau-in.^s  olthivc  (  I-ins.  IT,,  L>(;  ;,,,(|  1.'7)  which  I  ivprodiuv  lull  size,  ihciv 
is  not  intu-li  to  rciiiark  in  I-i-niv  LMJ  save  that  it  is  "heavv"  and  not  so  -raec- 
fnl  r:s  the  soiuheni  ones.     Imo-mivs  LJ'i  and  L'7  have  bars  or   elevali(.ns  arouixl 


1!». 


'  <-<)iineet- 
ver,  read- 
"  I  will 
'"■III    ends 


I'K;.   11! 

C.\\[(,.\  Co,,   .\i;w    \(»!v'K. 

.\i:\v   NoK'K  Si'ATi';   Mrsi;rM  L'oi..     S.  |. 

the  ])eriorat.ions.  Dr.  I'eanelianip  and  I'fofessor  I'.ovle  note  this  in  some 
New  York  ar.d  Canadian  l\pi.'s.  There  is  no  elevated  tail  in  either.  iMyin-e 
2.'  has  the  enlari;ed  tyes,  a  Hal  (not  ronnded)  Inea-t.  and  a  peenliar  ronnded 
tail.     It  may  he  an  animal  rather  than  a  bird  ellii^ v. 

In  these  two  tlii' eleva  lions  in  u  liieh  the  perforaticnis  are  made,  seem  to 
interfere  with  iheir  nse  as  head  oniameiils.  I  do  not  believe  th.at  I'ii^nres  2.") 
and  L'7  were  worn  as  siieh. 

Dr.  Deanehani]!  in  the  I'.nllelin  ol"  the  New  \'()rk  Stale  Mnsenm,"  uives  a 
very  ,i4()o(|  deseri])tion  ofsome  lilteen  bird  stones.      Ihav<   rei)rodueed    the    il- 

■■ruli-ilu'  I  Sliiiic  .\iti(.'ii's  11^,(1  by  tlu'  Xcvv  \'<m  !<  .\liiiri-iiics.  p.  f.d.     .\!l);uiy.   ls;»7. 


1() 

lustraLioiis  ho  tiivcs,  and  a<  his    text,    is    liiiK-ly,    I    (|ni)lc   at    lc!i-;lh    tVoin  his 

paper. 

"TIr-  theories  about  tlieir  use  see;n  fuieitul,  as  some  eertaiiily  arc.  Two 
writers  assert  that  ihev  were  worn  by  married  or  ijre^nant  women  only, 
and  nianv  have  aeeei)ted  this  statement.  Others  tiiinlv  tliey  were  worn  by 
eoniurers,  or  lixed  on  the  prows  ofeanoes.     It  is  enon.iih  to  say  that  some  of 


I-IC.  22.     S.  1. 


I'K;    2:'., 

Si:m:c.v    Rivi;iv'.   .\.  \'. 
.\i;w  \'()UK  Sr.vii-;  Misium  Coi..      S.  \. 

the  perforations  are  not  adapted  to  any  of  tliese  uses.  It  seems  l)etttr  to 
eh'iss  them  with  I  lie  war  and  prey  or  hnr.iiny  Ljods  of  the  Zunis,  someol  w  hiel. 
they  resemble.  In  that  ease  ihe  holes,  of  whatever  kind,  would  have  j^iven  a 
lirm  hold  on  ihc  thoni^s  whieh  bound  ihe  arrows  to  the  amulet,  a  matter  ol 
i'uportanee  in  an  ii're^^ular  liLiure. 


•# 


':^mmm 


i.y-t.11    from  his 

ly  are.     Two 

women  onlx-, 

I'lX"   worn    I)y 

llic'it  some  of 


17 

"These  perforations  form  the  'nost  important  feature.  The  amulet  m.'iv 
he  hut  a  sim])le  har,  hut  at  eaeii  cud  of  the  Ijase  is  a  sh)pin,u  hole,  hored  iVom 
the  end  and  hase  and  meeting.  To  this  neeessary  feature  may  he  added  a 
sim])]e  head  or  tail,  aiul  there  also  may  he  ])rojeetin,y  ears.  None  of  these  are 
essenti.'d.     They  are  hut  appropriate  or  tasteful  aeeessories. 

"  Two  notahle  eolleetions  eontain  a  larji'e  uuiuher  of  amulets.  In  the 
Canadian  eolleetion  at  r()rout()  there  are  ahout  oO  hird  amulets. 


(He  mentions  Mr.  I)ou<j^lass'  70  s])eeimens  and  also  refers  to  the  rarity  of 
l)ar-amulets  in  Western  New  York). 

"They  were  variahle  in  material  as  well  as  form,  althou;j;h  most  eoni- 
mouly  made  of  striped  sla*^e.  Ferha])s  full  half  have  projeetinti' ears,  when  of 
the  hir  1  form.  In  the  wider  forms,  usually  of  harder  materials,  there  are  of- 
ten eross  hars  on  the  under  side,  in  whieli  the  ])erforati()ns  are  made,  Oeea- 
sionrdh'  these  are  not  entirely  enelosed,  yet  are  without  siyns  of  hreakai^e. 
This  seems  to  prove  that  these  were  not  intended  as  means  of  attaehinjj; 
them  to  any  lar<.ier  ohji-et,  on  w  hieh  they  would  rest,  hut  rather  for  fastenin_!j;- 
artieles  upon  them,  as  in  the  Zuni  amulets  already  uu'ntioued,  and  whieh 
were  illustrateil  hy  Mr.  rratd<  II.  CushiuLj',  ii^  the  seeond  Re])ort  of  the  Bu- 
reau of  litKnolo.iiv  On  eomparison  a  , general  resemhlanee  to  these  will  he 
seen,  and  in  a  few  eases  it  is  (piite  strikin<i^.  That  they  were  used  in  this  way, 
rather  than  in  those  suti\yested  hy  others,  is  a  reasonahle  eouelusion  whieh 
^ains  strength  witn  fuller  study.  As  a  class  they  helonj.^  to  the  vSt.  Law- 
rence has-in. 


i)etttr  to 
icol  \\  hiel. 
ve  ^.^iven  a 
matter   of 


"I-'iiiure  1.")  is  a  rcmarkahly  line  hird  amulet  of  ureen  striped  slate, '■'  the 
lonL;est  we  have  seen  from  New  York,  hut  reduced  in  the  illustration.  It  is 
9"s  inches  from  tip  to  tip,  and  of  moderate  hei,ii"ht  and  tlnekuess.  It  was 
found  at  De.xter,  near  the  mouth  of  the  r.iack  River,  and  althou,i.ih  in  three 
])icces,  was  not  otherwise  detaced.  The  hack  is  sharj),  and  it  has  projecting 
ears  and  a  lon,L!:  neck.     TIh"  head   ends  s(|uarely.      Another,   from    the  same 

*I  li.ivf  <.liaii,u:c(i   In.  Ho;iiRli,iiii|rs  imiiilicrs  of  hyuris  lo  i.'i)nvs|i(iiiil  \villi  tii>  scries. 


IS 

c'ouiilv,  is  also  lar.uv,  l)cin.Li  S"'s  inches  Ioiil;  by  2  lii.iili.  It  iins  no  projecting 
cars. 

"I'i,tiitrc  1<)  is  iVoui  Dresden,  on  vSeneea  Lake,  and  is  ol'j^reen  striped  slate. 
The  ears  are  usually  sni.all.  Ii  is  a  line  article,  and  is  :\^ -j  \in\}x  hy  1 '  l>  hijih. 
I''i,trurc  1  7  is  of"  the  same  niaterird,  hut  is  much  depressed.  The  slopinj^  tail 
expands  to  ;>  inches  in  widih.  This  i>  iVoni  jefierson  County,  and  the  length 
is  ()^  s  inches. 

"I'i_yure  (i  is  also  of^rcen  striped  slate,  troni  the  Seneca  River,  and  is  .'JVi- 
niches  in  length.     There  are  no   ears,   hut    alon,;.:    the  ed.ues   au'   i)l    notches. 


i-k;.  LM. 

\\'i:sri;K.\  .\i;\\    \'oIv'K. 
.\i:\v  \'oK'K  SiATi-:  Misi'iM  Coi..     S.  ]. 

This  feature  often  a])pears,  luit  not  to  this  extent.  I"ii.;ure  IS  is  ot  trap  rock 
and  comes  Irom  Clinton  County.  It  is  rude,  depressed,  and  has  small  ears. 
The  i.ieneral  form  is  <|uite  straiiihl.  hut  the  laii  is  slightly  raised.  It  is  more 
suy^estive  of  the  Zuni  amulets  than  most  forms.  The  dimensions  are  (iVs 
\()\]<X  by  1 '  L'  inches  liiL,h. 

'TM.iznre  1*.>  is  a  hroad  form  ot'mollled  stone,  ;'>''s  1(»ii,l;  by  l''i  inches  hijj^h. 
it  comes  from  . Newark  X'alley,  Tio,ua  Count\.  'i'here  are  smrdl  projeetin.!:,^ 
ears  and  the  tail  comes  to  a  point,  as  in  some  others  )t  this  <.ieneral  form  and 
materic'd.  Two  view  s  are  uiven  of' it.  Vhis  form  is  hi.uh'y  polished,  and  the 
basal  i)erforations  are  noi  always  complet'.'Iy  cue]  !sed.  They  have  also  as  a 
rule,  a  slight  transverse  ri(l<;e,  in  w  hieh  the  perforations  are  made. 


^^^SW^^TM^^S^^ 


iH^^Ps^PiPt^^'-^--^^'  '"^ 


I'.i 


ripc'd  slate. 

1'-'    Iii«li. 

<>l'iii.ii    tail 

the  length 

and  is   .'{14 
notclics. 


trap  rock 

lall   cars. 

is   111  ore 

i   arc   ()~s 

les  luVh. 
■oicctiiiy 
')nii  and 
and  the 
ilso  as  a 


i-k;.  2.-).    S. 


FKi.  2(;.     S. 


I-K;.  27.     S.  I. 

W'iSCo.XSIN. 

H.  P.  IIa.mii.tox  C()i.i.i;cri().\. 


msmMmmimm^mfm^mmmmmmm 


IM) 


"I-i,mii\' 21' ■joiiK's  from  nc'i I- the  vSciK'ca  River.  '''  * 

lM,Uurc  'Jl  is  iVoni  Hivwcrtoii,  wIktc  many  have  been  found.  It  is  (|uite 
thiek  and  lieavv.  niakin,;..;  a  slrony  eontrast  willi  the  last.  The  material  is  a 
Lirey  striped  slate  and  the  ears  are  small. 

"I'i.i.iui-e  2.">  is  a  very  eurious  and  line  bird  amulet  from  theSeneea  Kiver, 
4-'l>  inelies  lonu  by  TVj  wide,  made  of  a  mottled  dark  scone,  ,urey  and  vellow, 
hard  and  highly  polishul  The  ears  projeet  to  an  unusual  e.\tent,  and  the 
forward  perforation  is  not  entirely  eloscd.  It  elosely  resend)les  one  from 
(Trand  Ra])ids,  Michigan,  in  form  and  material,  but  has  a  more  expanded  tail. 
In  taet  it  may  be  eonsidered  the  fmest  exam])le  of  this  elass  of  amulets  vet 
found." 

Hr.  P>eauehanip  has  had  unusual  ad vanta,!j:es  ior  the  studv  of  bird 
stones,  lie  observes  in  one  speeimen  of  brown  slate;  "  whieh  is  broken,  has 
a  lateral  ])erloratioii,  a  fre(|ucnt  leature  for  a  seeon.darx  use  of  ornamental 
stones,  allowing;-  them  to  be  suspended  as  deeoiations.  The  edyes  are  also 
notehed;  a  frecpient  feature  of  amulets,  perhaps  as  a  reeord."  He  notes 
notehtd  ears,  also  grooved  eai's  or  eyes  in  some  of  them.  One  water  \vt)rn 
bn-d-stone  from  the  beaeh  of  Cayu.t^a  Lake  had  a  .yroove  aeross  the  base. 
Me  thiidvs  bar-amulets  were  all  used  the  same  way.  While  not  espeeiallv 
ornamental  they  have  been  "used  as  the  Zuni  amulets  were,"  he  savs. 

.Mr.  (k'rard  I'owke  and  Professor  Davi.l  Hoyle  siiould  be  (|uoted  upon 
thissnbjeet.      Mr.  I'ow  ke  sa vs  r'^ 

"Stone  relies  of  bird  form  are  (pnte  eonimon  north  of  the  Ohio  Kiver, 
but  are  exeeedin.yly  rare  south  of  that  stream.  (lie  illustrates  the  same 
spLvimen  fi .Loured  by  Dr.  Wilson.) 

".\eeordin_o  to  (uhnan,  v  the  bird  shape  s<ones  were  worn  on  the  head 
by  the  Indian  women,  but  only  after  marria.ue.  Abbot:!:  (piotes  Col.  Charles 
Whiltlessey  to  the  effeet  tli.'t  they  were  worn  by  Indian  women  to  denote 
I)re«iiianey,  and  from  William  IVnn  that  when  the  scpiaws  were  read\  to 
marry  thev  wore  something  on  their  heads  to  indieate  the  faet. 

'  SUiiH-  An.  HiirtMii  dl  i:t  liiKil-i-.v  R(|ic)it  |,,v  ''.tl-l'.  Ta^jr  IL'.'i. 
■  I'.illill.iii.  (',,  111  SniuliS(j|ii.-Mi  K(|i(,il  lor  1s;;i,  i';iL.rc  ,'{71. 
■:  I'riiiiilivr  Iiidiislrv  ,  \':\iii-  :{71 


f^ 


21 


It   is   (|uite 
niateri.'il  is  a 


Sc 


IK'C 


ri  I' 


\ivcr 


11( 


and  yellow, 
ent,  and  the 
les  one  from 
x])an(le(]  tail. 

amulets   vet 


ndy  of  hinl 
.  broken,  has 
ornamental 
lu:cs  are  also 
He  notes 
water  w<)rii 
is  the  base. 
)t    espeeially 


a  vs. 


juoled    upon 


Ol 


no    River 


s    the    same 


)n  the  head 
Col.  Cliarks 
1  to  denote 
re    read\     to 


'Jones*  ([notes  Irom 


DeHrv    that  the  eoninrers   anion;.i    th-'   X'ir^inia    In- 


dians wore  a  smal 


blaek  bn-d  ai)ove  one  o 


f  tllL" 


ir  ears  as  a  hadye  o 


f  offi 


ee. 


I'rol 


ess  or 


H 


ovle  savs: 


Altl 


louirli    tor  eonvenienee   known    as 


DH-o 


anuileis  — mos 


-nmv  a 


t  of  them  being-  apparently  hi.yhly  eouventionalized  bird  forms 
nd  a.n'ain  one  sees   speeimens  thai  are  not  sni^Liestive  of  birds,  what- 


th 


ever  else  tucv  may  have  been  intended  to  synd)olize.  In  soni<  instances  there 
has  not  been  any  att^-nipt  to  imiiace  eyes  even  by  means  o['  a  depression,  but 
in  the  majority  of  eases  the  eyes  are  enormously  exai»-j4erated,  and  stand  out 
like  buttons  on  a  short  stoek,  fully  half  an  inch  beyond  the  side  ot  the  head. 
In  evcrv  liiiislud  specimen  t!ie  hole  is  bored  diaiionally  throu.uh  the  middle  of 
each  end  of  the    base,  ujjwards  and  downwards.       If  merely    for  suspension 


.St.\kk  Co.,  Ohio. 

I'.V.VTZ    Coi.I.I'X'TIO.V.      S.    -;t. 

1.  one  hole  would  be  sufheient,  but  the    probability  is    that 
tended  for  fasteuin,u-   the    'amulets'    to   some    other   object,  but 
what,  or  for  what  pnri)()se  is  not  known.     It  has  been  su<jgcsted    that    these 

were  employed  in  playint;  a   game;   that  they 


while  l)ein,L;  carnct 


these  were  ni 


-lid 


are  totems  ol  trd)cs  o 


r  clans;   and    that    thev    were    talismans  in  some    way 


connected  with  the  hunt  for  water  fowl.  They  are.  at  all  events,  amonii^  the 
most  curious  and  hi.uhly  hnishcd  specimens  of  Indian  handicraft  in  stone 
found  m  this  part  of  .V'uerica,  and  the  collection  ol    them    in   the    Provincial 


Museum  is  sai( 


1  to  be  the  best  that  has  been  made, 


Professor  Boyle  si)eaks  ol 


the   bar-amulet    after    treating'    of  bird-stones 


but  lie  docs  no 


t  class  them  as  the  same  kind  of  ceremonials. 


r  llic  Sdiilluvii  Indians.  I'.-ijif  H(l, 


*  Anli(|iiitiis  o(  llic  Sonl 
■1  Ndlcs  on  I'linialivo  .\I; 
IluniiniDii  <it  C;m;i(l.i.     Tinciiilc).  IS'.l,'),  I' 


Ont.ifio,  hv  D.ivid  Hdyk'.  Ciir.-itor   of  the- 
(iT. 


Arc! 


lacdKiiiU'al 


Mns-ciini  tor   tlii' 


t^i 


(uMural  riuirsl  >n.  the  ^;)u  la-ni  ;intli(.rity.  reports  har-.'iniulcls   .'is   otva- 
sioiirilh-  fonihl  south,  hnl  ho  il  ).'s  not  spoak  of  hird-stoncs.  "■ 

Dr.  A.  L.  Prase,  of  MasiHon,  Ohio,  s'.'uds   (lnuvir.,us    of  three   binl-stoms 


t.iuiul  within  twenty  miles  of  his  resiilenee  an( 


1  one    from    a    mound    in    West 


N'iryiiiia.     'Phis  is  the  oid\   mound  s])eeinien  hrou.ylit  to    my    notiee    of  which 

tilers,  and  ii'   so.   I    shall    he   .^'ad 
melhinu    similar    to     that    found 


there  is  positive  record.       '1  here    maybe    o 


to    learn   ol    them. 


lis   si)eennen    is      so 


m    the 


Itar   ol    tlu 


lonowel 


Ivtiiuv  mound.      He    includes    outlines     troni 


Mr.  I'aatz's  e 


rotessor 


hcMtale  l( 


lie,  ;;(). 

.\1o.\I(,o.mi;k\  .  Co.,  ( )iii(i 

l)l.\Kl.i:\   CoLI.l'.CIION.      S. 


)llection.     ()ne  has  an  unusually  Ioult  neck  and  short  hodv. 
A.  I-.  1 


>erliii,  under  date  of  Dec-emher  .")th,  write'>  me  his    views: 


In  lieve  thai  they  were  worn  1)\-  certain    Indian    women.       Not 


all  ol    them  are  perforat.'d.  nor  of  ill  )se  that  1 


d  1 


own  ami  nave  seen  do  tlic  per 


th 


lorations  si 


low  siL;ns  of  we; 


ml  ,ai)oriL;inal  women  worn  tiieiii  as  staled 


ahiasion  would  he  evident  in  nt  least  some  of  their  apertures.  This  would 
als(,  he  true  oflhe  canoe  theory.  1  cannot  accept  ciMier  of  the  above  state- 
ments.    Wli.at.    then,  was  their  use.  will  he  asked? 


Aiiliiiuitiis  ,,r  Tiniu^v 


C.  I'    11 


nnstdii.  I  ;il;i-  '.".i.' 


"'riiL'al)  )i-iLil;rj  wMs  ;i  s'.ip.Tsiilious  croit:n\' and    as   superslilioii    bezels 
imicli  ccTcn.oiiv  soniftliin^  liad  to  he  roMlrivcd  to  hv  ol  1k1|)  in  their  rcliuioiis 


or  otlicr  riti's. 


lis  l)ird  or  saddlc-sioiK-  tlit'i'  had  atlrihutcd  to  it  a   certain 


occuit  power  aiid    heeaiiie   a   eerenioiiial    weapni,    and    iii    nistaiiees    ot   this 
kind  had  its  position  iii  ihe  eerenioiiy. 


vSo  als  )  do  I  thin! 


were  nsed  in  the  various  rites  the  hannerstone,    iror 


;4et  and  other  nieely  wroni^ht  olijeets.      1  he  a(hhtion  ot  perlorations    |)erhaps 

made  the  ineanini;  ol  the  iinpii'inenls  in    the  rites    in    w  liieh    they    were   nsed 

more  sn;^,L;estive.'" 

While  the  lirst  half  ol  this  lUilletin    was    hein,^    printed,    I    reeeived    from 


;l 


\oiMiii;i^N    Inimana. 
liii.i.'s  t.Oi.i.i.e  ritiN.     S. 


Professor  CiishinL;  sever 
to  he  ])nhlislK'd  I  up  )ii 


prints  of  i»lates  he  is 


I  \\j  Lahii 


iK't,  ele.,  ete, 


eove 


r  the  har-.'iinnlel  and  hird  stone  tvpe; 


to  use  in  a    memoir    (shortly 
The    ilhistrations    reeeived 
Cushin^i    has   kindlv 


'rotes-sor 


l)ermitted  me  to  reprodnee  two  ol 


the  limires. 


it  is  interesting:   to    note 


that  we  liave  reae 


pen  leiitly.      Neither  of  ns 
snhjeet  of  hird-stones,  am 


was  aware 


lied  similar    eoiielnsions  inde- 
ihat   the  other  was  at    work    npon  the 
1v  one  of  the   many   forms 


1,  indeed,  that  elass  is  on 


of  ornaments  eons 


idered  h\-  Trofessor 


Cnsl 


linu  in  his  memoir 


1  1 


lave  no 


1  ihon-hl  that  the  Hat  slate  ornaments  ipertora 


ted)  or  tahlets 


we 


re  exehisivelv  worn  sns|»en( 


led,  hnt  on  tne  eoiitrary  De 


helieve  that    manv   ot 


them  servec 


1  as  1 


)ascs 


for  little  elli.^ies  or  eerenionii 


d  ohjeets.     Professor  Cusji- 


21- 

iiiLi's  I'imuTS  .".<■)  Mild  '>'  clear  up  imu-li  nf  lIic  iiiystcvx  .'is  lo  tlu'  iiioiintiii.L:  of 
hird-stoiR'S.  Still,  it  nmsl  iii)t  l)c  i)iVNiniK'il  that  all  hinl-st oni's  wtTi- 
niouiilfd  in  this  maiiiKT.  .\<m-  is  it  apt  aiviit  h  'w  tahk'is  or  ornanic-iils 
I  tint  I  haviii'-;  I't't  one  p'.Tloratioii  wen  fonvmient  lor  this  purpose.  To  me 
the  douhle  perforated  (two  holes  elose  to-tther.  r.ear  the  ends  of  the  tablet) 
ornaments  would  ite  better  suited  to  seive  as  bases. 

Ilowevu-,  this  is  a  matter  of  pi'rforatiohs    nurely    and    need    not    al'leel 
rrot'e>sor  Cushini^'s  theory.      1  ent  rely  a.Liree  w  ith  him. 


t  I 
I  I 


i-i<;  :'.i.    s. ;. 

S.\.NitrsK\-  Co..  ( )iiio.  Ai.i.i:.\  Co.,  Mk'iii<;.\.\. 

(  tkimi.ki-;   t."oi.i.i:c'rii  i.n. 

Now  ;iiid  then  we  ol)sei-\e  a  bird  stDiie  ni  w  hieh  the  holes  ai'e  A'orn  as  by 
a  striiiL;-  and,  ai)p;ireiitly,  the  objeet  has  seen  loivj;  serviee.  The  wearini,;'  is  in 
the  ed^es  t:>wards  the  held  <a:id  tail  of  the  bird ,  (  newr  at  the  sid  si  as  if  the 
eord  were  tightly  drawn  .ami  the  sp.'eimen  permitl.'d  t  >  but  sliniitly  niDve  I'or- 
w;irds  and  baelc  w  ards.  M;iii\-  bird-st  )iies  show  no  m.i  rks  ot  wear  and  in 
others  the  lower  rims  of  the  hole'^  are  but  shiditly  worn. 

Let  us  now  theorize  a  littU'.  ( )iie  authority,  I  1  te  lb-\-  >,  sa\s  that  the  sha- 
men  wore  blaek  birds  over  the  e.ar,  bat  he  iIdc-;  not  sa\-  bird-stones  The  ct- 
ti.uies  may  ha  V(.- Iccii  of  W(!(id  or  the  skins  of  .'-mall  birds.       Medicine    nitii    of 

I  ,Mii  iii'KliUil  III  Ml'.  (',1  nil  Hi,    1(11   1 1 1.1  nil  11^  nil-  (  i(  veil  m  i'jin.-ii  liini  i-tdiiis  In  st  iiiU  . 


wcstc'i-n  ti-il)i'>^  won.'  tlusc  laltcr  in  liisloric  tiiiifs,  Wc  (.•rin  iccoiK-ili-  llic  sl.-itc- 
iiK'Kls  lliiil  "  woiiKMi  w  iMV  liird-sioiR's  .'ilUT  marriri^^v"  with  '•women  woic 
tlifin  to  (k-noic  niriiTi;iu;riiI)lr  ;i,l;i'."  IWiL  (.'.-mi  it  he  ilinl  llie  same  lype  ol'  el- 
liyv  was  n>e(l  hy  lioili  sliamen  and  women?  May  not  llie  staUanent  mean, 
rather,  lliat  eiTtain  tril)es  nseil  tliem  lor  one  jjarpose  and  another  Irihe  nsed 
them  tor  a  totally  dillerent  pin^pose?  Vhere  ai'e  exeeplions  to  every  rule, 
hut  1  lia\e  al\\a\s  inidir^t  >od  t'nat  larger  ohjeets  than  these  hird  eerenioni.als 
were  UK'luded  in  the    "niake-u])"    ol    a    priest's    headiiear.       Certainly    skins, 


leather: 


)r  nonis  lornu'.l  most  o 


t  ol'il.  and  tl 


lese  were  al 


hjeet^ 


s,  oones,  wood  or  noriis  loi 
ofsome  size  and  when  i^^rouped  together  m;ide  a  eonsiderahle  mass.     1  should 


l-IC.   L'S. 

W.\K'Ki;x  Co..  ( Miio. 

MooNi:iii;.\i)  Coi.i.ix' no.N.    ( )iiio  Siati-;  Inivkksitv  Mrsi-;r.M.     S,  ]. 

think  th;il  a  hird-stone  would  not  he  notieed  anion-  these,  or    thai    it    niusl 
needs  he  mounted  separate  ly  or  sia-rounded  hy  smaller    ihinLis;    otherwise    it 

woidd  not  he  seen. 

Reasouin,!.:  Iroin  the  i'aet^  presented,  ar.  ohserver  would  estahlisli  as  liis 
first  proposition  that  these  ohjeets  were  lied  in  upri-hl  positions.  He 
would  iud.ize  that  the  ohjeets  were  to  he  in  relief  and  prominent;  not  eoneealed 
in  anv  wav;  otherwise  perlorations  were  not  necessary,  as  eords  eould  he 
passed  around  the  hody  iK'ar  the  head  and  tail  and  the  hird-stone  thus  se- 
en red. 


As  ;i  Sv'CiJiid  i»r()i)i)siliiMi  tlic  (li)^c'i  \(.r  iniLilit  (.'oiU'lniU'  lliMl  lif  coiisi'lcrs 
some  l)inl->lt)iics  ris  mo^l  iR-arly  .'ipiuoarliiii^:  il.e  lir  xnliii.L;  hinl.  .'iiul  wcic 
worn  1>\-  woiiu'ii  ;iii(l  iii(lic;i  t  iiii^  cilliiT  nirin-i;iL:(.' or  i)iX',uii;iiu-\'.  l'>iit  oilu-rs — 
iiol.'ihly  lIk'  sliorl  OIK'S,  nil. 1  t  hose  w  il  li  siii,i,:'i<.'  |)ri-t'or;ilion-  only— lie  iiii^^lit 
elassilV  as  iiiedivMiie  or  elianii  stones  liavii'.L;  a  eerlain  relation  to  the  sliainen; 
as  lied  to  arrows  or  oilier  p^'i'soaal  possessions  lor  "Inek,"  ete.  "Medieine" 
and  "eliarnr"  are  very  indelinite  leriiis  and,  as  previously  staled,  they  enijiiia- 
size  llie  need  ol'aii  arehaeolo.Liie  iionieiieia  Hire.  That  we  nitist  i-esml  to  siieh 
expressions  ill  the  diseri]ilioii  of  a  \-ery  iinportanl  elass  ol  priMisloiie  arli- 
taels  is  indeed  piliahle.  These  thousands  of  sloiie  relies  ol  every  kind  eover- 
iiiLi,  as  ihi'y  do,  a  greater  raii.i;e  in  loriii  and  sizi',  palterii  and  purpose  lliaii 
ornanieiilal  or  eereinoiiial  stones  ot  preliislorie  lairope- — eerlainly  deserve  a 
heller  elassiliealioii  al  onr  hands  than  is  possible  al  preseiil. 


Fii;.;ii!,  Fit;.;!o. 

1  )!•:     KaI.I!    (i)..     I  XniANA. 

(iNriii.Ki-;   Coi.i.i;e  I'loN.      S.    |, 

Al  some  fiilnre  nieetinu- of  SL'etion  II  I  Aiithropo|oL;y  )  ol'the  Anieriean  As- 
soeialion  for  the  Ad  vaneemeiit  ol  Seieiiee,  I  trust  that  a  eominittee  will  he 
a])])oinle(l  to  devise  a  sehenie  of  iioiiienelalure.  II  we  are  to  retain  thai  wliieli 
seems  most  plansihie  from  the  seani  evideiiee  at  hand  we  ninsl  iiiehiu-  lo- 
wards  ihe  "woman  head  ornament"  and  the  "Zniii  fetieli"  theories.  \'ery 
lew  1)ir  l-slones  are  lotind  near  lar^ie  hodies  ol  water,  and  theories  like  the 
"eaiioe  ])row  ornameiil'"  are  only  laneiliil. 

As  has  been  said,  the  Ioiil:  slender    Mies,  the  moiv  hird  like  forms   and    all 


r 


r 


li.'ivinjj;  two  scls  ol' i»cTlnr;itl(nis  iii;iy  h.'ivi-  hern  worn  l»v  wonu-n.  The  short 
ones,  the  sin.i^lc  |)(.ilor;it(.'(l.  or  ihosi.'  witli  lr;insverse  ridj^cs,  arc  nianilestlv 
eli.'inns  or  (lictics.  To  sni-li  w  ere  . -it  Inehed  ihe  arrows  or  other  property— 
tlien  they  Iteeame  saeivd,  or  assiuvd  1  hi- owner  of  sneeess,  etc.  If  the  hird- 
stone  is  a  woman's  ornament,  wonhl  it  also  he  nseil  h\-  the  shanu-ii?     I  tliiid< 


I-IC.  :!s. 

Xi  ilMlI  I;K'.N     I  NDIANA, 

<  iixMii  ii;  i:  (."(  n.i.i:c'no.\.     S.  !. 


noi .      Perhaps,  as  has  heen  suLiui  sled  ol' the  two  types    (iiUe    h'iyiires    1    and 
'J).  the  hist  was  worn  hy  women  and  the  second  nscd  hv  the  ])ricstlv  chiss. 


CONCM'SIOXS, 

The  (Hstrihntion  of  hird-stones  is  to  he  eon.-idered  when,  at  sonic  future 
(h'lte  arehaioh),L;isls  will  hetler  understand  lor  what  this  peculiar  tvjie 
stands.  As  previously  slated,  i  ha  ve  accepted  Vi'fZs.  1  and  2  as  indicative  of 
two  dislincl  torms  ol  hird  stones.  In  my  conclusions  I  am  not  deal- 
ing; ])rimarilly  with  those  specimens  which  form  "connecting"  links" 
hetween     I'i.us      1      and    L',     hul     treat     of     the     types      themselves.  Af- 

ter     the   first    half    of    this      huUeiin     had      heeii     printed,     I     received      a 


L'.s 

mnnhiT  ol"  coinimi'iicatDus  in  ;iiis\\i.'r  to  (|tii'Nti(iiis  w  liii-li  lind 
hcc'U  propounded  two  or  tliin.'  iiioiitlis  nyo  I  i-;iii  oid\-  iiuiuion 
a  lew  of  tlii'Sf,  Tlic  L'iin.'inii;iti  AiM  Miiseiiiti  siiil  plioloLir.'iplis  of  several 
more  or  less  liUe  I'iu  1 ,  I'roni  Sontlierii  ( )liio  .nul  'iidiaiia.  The  Stale  I'lii- 
versity  and  Slate  ilistorieal  Soeiety  Mnscniii,  al  Colinnlms,  lurnislied  nie 
with  di-awin.ys  of  s|)eeiniens  ill  tliiir  I'olU'eiions  ■  li'lonnalion  I'roni  other 
eoUeetions  streii,L;lheiis  me  in  my  eoiieliisions.  In  ease  additional  I'aels  are 
hron.u'ht  out  in  the  invesli-alions  wliieli  1  trust  this  I'Millelin  will  stimulate.  I 
will  publish  a  seeoud  edition,  lor  I  am  aware  that  the  suhjeet  is  a  new  one 
and  all  the  (piestions  eannot  he  settled  lor  some  lime. 


J^JV^X 


^nv'n. 


i-k;.   i() 

Ivi'i'icv  Moi  \i)  Ai.TAK,  Iloi'i:wi;i.i., 
1mi:i.i>  .Misi;im  Coi.mxtion.     ^..    !. 


All  ohiainahleinrormalion  points  to  Im,-.  ]  ;,s  iIr.  eomnion  and  more 
widely  distrlhuted  tvpe.  Whether  it  is  the  earlier,  and  I'i,-.  2  of  later  oii-in 
is  an  open  (|Uestion.  I  think  so,  yd  that  is  I. ,,1  an  individual  opinion.  i-i-. 
L'isdisiinetively  iioriherii.  1  do  not  know  of  its  oeeiirrenee  in  southern  Ohio 
or  Indiana.  I- i,i^.  1  is  imuli  more  numerous  in  soutlu'ni  Ohio  and  Indiana 
than  in  western  .\ew  \'ork,  Wiseonsiu  and   Can 


iiad.a       1  hat  is  llie  nia)ority  ol 

*  I  wish   to  thank  l'n.k>Mir  ,\I,IU.  ,,|  Uu-  l.tlUr    „i„sc-„,n.  ;mi,1    Mr.  (n-M.  ol    iju-    Cinonna 
thfir  (.'(i-<j|iiTaii<)ii. 


nali    .Mnscimi.  lor 


^mm»m 


L'l) 


.'v^-'-mkKfmip^^ 


Im<(>.m  IMv'.wvincs  !(v    I'nm)i-i;s<()k  Crsiiixc. 


I-IC.  ■][). 

MlCIlKiAN. 

Smithsonian  Colmxtion.    S. 


'<|\#^*^;isf!efi^ft|. 


^iga^fr^ 


the  s])L'cinR'iis  ;nv  ol  pure  i-'ii^urc  1  lypcniid  iiol  varin  •  ions.  Spuinu'iis  like 
I'i.us.  1  .">  aiul  I'll,  ;iii(l  I'iL;s.  10  .-Mid  L' 1- scliu  lo  iiu'  'moic  like  Imi;.  2  In  ccr- 
tniii  (ktnils  ihcy  riiv  like  I'iuiiiT  1,  liul  llic  ,L;ciier;il  shapes,  llir  concepts  oi' 
ideas  evinced  in  llieir  tornis,  to  iii\-  mind,  woiiid  place  litem  nearef  iMmirt'  'J. 
i  he  bodies  ot  loni; ones,  like  I'i^is.  'lait  1  lo,  .are  sonicw  ha  t  like  Im.u.  1  I'nL 
thei'c  is  the  cMildition  ol  eyes.  Most  ol"  the  noinheiii  specitifiis,  vxhelhef 
llicy  l)e  lon,u-  of  short,  have  eyes,  .\eaily  all  soiithefn  specimens  afe 
saddle-stones  simply  and  have  no  eyes. 


r..\Sl-;    ()[•    I-iC,     M. 

T\I'K\I.     \\.\K     .\.\H   l.l'.T. 

L  .\.N.M)i.\.\  .Misi;r.M  Coi.i.icction.     S.   {. 

Im.l;.  -J  cannot  he  onnected  with  the  "Mound  epoch".  I'i,^-.  1  is  jnst  as 
common  in  central  Ohio,  whcfe  monnds  afc  less  nnmerons  than  in  the  sonth- 
cni  paft  ol  the  stale  wlici'e  thousands  of  them  exist.  Hence,  it  seems,  we 
cannot  consider  it  an  estahlished  proposition  that  hird-slones  were  known 
to  monnd-hnildinL;  trihes 

Students  mnst  not  consider  these  dislli.vlions    and  matters  ordislrihniion 
as  ol' small  im])ortance.      .\t   iirst.  ( as  to  me  I  it  may  seem    like   hair  splillim.:. 
Hut  altjr  carelnl  slndy.  I  am  sure  that  archaeoloLiists  will  au'rec  that  a  know 
led.ue  ofdistrihtition  will  i^o  a  lony  way  towards  solvinu  the  prohlcms. 

I'rolessor  I'mery's  collection  is  c!iell\  Irom  sotithern  and  central  (  )hio 
and  Indiana.  !t  i)est  illustrates  my  ])()sition.  His  specimeris  are  mostl\- like 
Im.u:.  1,  or  at  least  hnt  sliuiht  modilications  of  that  form. 

I-ii^iirv  11  i>  IK, I  ,-1  liiid^toiu       The  l.riii  "  li.ir  .■iniiili  1  "  ,i|i|ilitil  Ki  il  decs  iicil  (  xpl.-iiii  il-  list-. 


W'li.'iU'vcT  \\  c-  iii;iy  (.'oiiehuk-,  is  il  not  |);iU'iil  ilial  ;ii\'h;ic'i)|()L;isls  should 
spare  a  liLllc  tunc  iioiii  the-  licM  and  invcsti,uaU'  llic  spfcinicns  now  Ivinu  nc- 
.L,dct'U'd  in  the  exhibition  cases  or  stored  in  the  |)aekin,L;'  rooms?  liird-stoiK'S 
are  l)nt  one  class  or  type  ol'niany   thousands  oi"  ht-'autilul  and  uni(|ue  ohjeets. 


I-K;.     I- 'J. 
Sor  iiii'UN  Mich. 
(  iKMIl  I.KIC   C(»i.i.i:ciio.\.      S.    |. 

\'et  ot  the  entire  "hi^h  art"  class'''  wt  have  much  less  literature  than  upon 
the  simple  and  common  "scra])er"',  an  oUJect  oi  neither  heauty  mu-  value  and 
one  w  hich  iJerlormed  a  vcr\  menial  oirice  in  the  hands  of  the  tanner,  the 
shaft  maker,  the  iishennan,  or  tlu'  cook. 

I'll  !(.■■-,  II  ri'iiiiini.il-^.  ili>riiiii.ils,  clli^ic-,  oi  naiiniHal  stdiu"^  iind  all  1  he  i(~t , 
l-'iL;in "f  (<' is  ail  rlliyy ,   lull   1  (In  iHil  iiuliiilr  it  in    llif    liiid-sloin-   t'lassirnalinn.       What    it    upriMUt-    and 
wliv  il  was  ma  ill'  in  this  I'lirni — let  tlu'  .nchafiiloyii-al  wise  nioi  answer.      1 1  it  atnl    I'iu;nn'   ID    an'  liinl  sIoik's, 
tlirn  llu'  wlicik'  class  (it  slciiK'  i-tliL;ii's  iil  i  Ik-  inonnd  ana  must  lit  sin  h,      Thiv  an  nut .  ah  Ikhil:!!  tiu\  arc  stnni 
cMiyics  oliiniisnal  and  intcicstiim   Imni. 


L 


jMi-^fkM 


